Language families

Laying out the tree

Reading the stemma

The index lists every genealogical unit Glottolog 5.3 records. Open one and its tree is drawn with the root at the left and descent running rightward. Depth is classification depth, not time: a language far to the right is deeply nested, not necessarily recent.

Classification follows Glottolog 5.3, which records attested languoids and no reconstructed proto-languages. Indo-European additionally keeps a curated tree that does include reconstructed stages.

Elsewhere: The Same Idea · The Missing N · Flat-Foot · Polite Company · Signs for Sounds · The Second Alphabet · Twenty-Two Letters · Brahmi's Daughters · The Same Word · Heartwood